EVALUATING THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF HONEY AND LEMON JUICE AGAINST BACTERIA ISOLATES FROM RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
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ABSTRACT
The antibacterial effect of honey and lemon were investigated. Their use separately and in combination were compared with that of standard antibiotics against Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcusaureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilusinfluenzae and Streptococcus pyogenesisolates from sputum, ear swab, nasal secretion and throat swab samples of patients from Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, and Ahmadu Bello University Health Services (ABUHS) Zaria, Nigeria. Agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were employed to assess degree of susceptibility of the isolates to honey and/or lemon, and the standard antibiotic formulations. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations were evaluated. Rate of Kill was carried out to know the death/survival rate of the bacterial isolates after exposure to the agents. Test for synergy was also carried out to know if there is synergistic effect between the honey and the lemon juice. The zones of inhibition (mm) of 13-32 (Ceftriaxone), 07-29 (Gentamicin), 07-35 (Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid), 14-33 (Levofloxacin), 07-30 (Azithromycin), 10-34 (Honey), 12-29 (Lemon), and 18-29 (Honey/Lemon mixture) were obtained. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations range between 1.95-125 µg/ml (Ceftriaxone), 1.56-100 µg/ml (Gentamicin), 3.91-125 µg/ml (AmoxicillinClavulanic acid), 0.98-62.5 µg/ml (Levofloxacin), 0.78-100 µg/ml (Azithromycin), 20-75 µg/ml (Honey), 15.0 - 47.5 µg/ml (Lemon), and 15-50 µg/ml (Honey/Lemon mixture). Excellent antibacterial activity was observed with lemon, honey and lemon mixture, Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Gentamicin, while honey, Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid and Azithromycinshowed less antibacterial activity. Better killing of the bacteria isolates on exposure to honey and lemon was observed with Lemon and Honey/Lemon mixture than the Honey alone. There is additive effect, but no antagonistic effectin the mixture of honey and lemon juice. Generally, their activity is within the additive level (>0.5 to ≤1) of Fractional 3 Inhibitory Concentration index. This study justifies the use of Honey and Lemon separately and in mixture as an alternative medicine by the populace in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
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